After Military Rule in Europe: Spain, Portugal, and Greece
After Military Rule in Europe: Spain, Portugal, and Greece
This chapter focuses on the cases of Spain and Portugal. After decades of authoritarianism, placing the Spanish military under civilian control proved to be a relatively straightforward and brief process. The transformation of Portuguese civil–military relations, on the other hand, was more contentious, took far longer, and did not succeed as completely as Spain's. Greece, the secondary case in this chapter, had a much shorter but more intense experience with praetorianism; its return to democracy and democratic civil–military relations was quick albeit not without some shortcomings. The chapter then assesses the influence of international organizations, particularly NATO, on the democratization of the three states and their defense establishments.
Keywords: Spain, Portugal, authoritarianism, Spanish military, civilian control, Portuguese civil–military relations, Greece, praetorianism, NATO, democratic civil–military relations
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