Trade-Offs and Carry-Over Effects
Trade-Offs and Carry-Over Effects
This chapter first reviews the evidence for interactions between life-history stages, centering this around reproduction itself: the intention is to put reproduction in the context of the complete life-cycle. It considers how the wintering and pre-breeding period, including spring migration, can influence reproductive decisions, and in turn how reproductive decisions can influence subsequent post-breeding life stages such as molt, fall migration, and over-winter survival. It looks at the costs of reproduction, simply as a more specific example of general carry-over effects, especially from a mechanistic point of view, with potentially common underlying mechanisms. The chapter argues that short-term energy or nutrient “debts” and resource-allocation trade-offs provide unsatisfactory models for long-term carry-over effects or costs of reproduction; instead, it emphasizes potential “non-resource based” mechanisms.
Keywords: life-history stages, female reproduction, avian reproduction, wintering, pre-breeding period, post-breeding life, reproductive costs, nutrient debts, resource allocation
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