Randomizations, Null Distributions, and Hypothesis Testing
Randomizations, Null Distributions, and Hypothesis Testing
This chapter examines the logic of null modeling for phylogenetic tests. Developing null expectations for community phylogenetic patterns from randomization procedures is the cornerstone for many ecophylogenetic analysis. The chapter advocates an approach that explicitly considers multiple randomizations to better understand what aspects of community and phylogenetic structure determine observed patterns. It first provides a brief historical overview of randomization tests in ecology, focusing on two important academic conflicts that highlight the need for using randomizations in ecological analysis: the first relates to species–genus ratios and competition between close relatives, and the second deals with co-occurrence patterns and competitive coexistence. It then explains how community data and phylogenetic data can be randomized, taking into account randomizations to test trait data, altering the phylogenetic tree, and other randomizations and inference issues. It also discusses some important considerations for constructing the species pool to be used in the randomization tests.
Keywords: null model, phylogenetic tests, randomization, ecology, ecological analysis, species–genus ratios, competition, phylogenetic data, phylogenetic tree, species pool
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